How to Run Linux Commands in Background

Typically when you run a command in the terminal, you have to wait until the command finishes before you can enter another one. This is called running the command in the foreground or foreground process. When a process runs in the foreground, it occupies your shell, and you can interact with it using the input devices.

What if the command takes a long time to finish, and you want to run other commands in the meantime? You have several options at your disposal. The most obvious and straightforward option is to start a new shell session and run the command in it. Another option is to run the command in the background.

A background process is a process/command that is started from a terminal and runs in the background, without interaction from the user.

In this article, we will talk about the background processes is Linux. We will show you how to start a command in the background and how to keep the process running after the shell session is closed.

Run a Linux Command in the Background #

To run a command in the background, add the ampersand symbol (&) at the end of the command:

The shell job ID (surrounded with brackets) and process ID will be printed on the terminal:

[1] 25177

You can have multiple processes running in the background at the same time.

The background process will continue to write messages to the terminal from which you invoked the command. To suppress the stdout and stderr messages use the following syntax:

command > /dev/null 2>&1 & 

>/dev/null 2>&1 means redirect stdout to /dev/null and stderr to stdout
.

Use the jobs utility to display the status of all stopped and background jobs in the current shell session:

jobs -l

The output includes the job number, process ID, job state, and the command that started the job:

[1]+ 25177 Running                 ping google.com &

To bring a background process to the foreground, use the fg command:

fg

If you have multiple background jobs, include % and the job ID after the command:

fg %1

To terminate the background process, use the kill
command followed by the process ID:

kill -9 25177

Move a Foreground Process to Background #

To move a running foreground process in the background:

1. Stop the process by typing Ctrl+Z.
2. Move the stopped process to the background by typing bg.

Keep Background Processes Running After a Shell Exits #

If your connection drops or you log out of the shell session, the background processes are terminated. There are several ways to keep the process running after the interactive shell session ends.

One way is to remove the job from the shell’s job control using the disown shell builtin:

disown

If you have more than one background jobs, include % and the job ID after the command:

disown %1

Confirm that the job is removed from the table of active jobs using the jobs -l command. To list all running processes, including the disowned use the ps aux
command.

Another way to keep a process running after the shell exit is to use nohup.

The nohup
command executes another program specified as its argument and ignores all SIGHUP (hangup) signals. SIGHUP is a signal that is sent to a process when its controlling terminal is closed.

To run a command in the background using the nohup command, type:

nohup command &

The command output is redirected to the nohup.out file.

nohup: ignoring input and appending output to 'nohup.out'

If you log out or close the terminal, the process is not terminated.

Alternatives #

There are a number of programs that allow you to have multiple interactive sessions at the same time.

Screen #

Screen
or GNU Screen is a terminal multiplexer program that allows you to start a screen session and open any number of windows (virtual terminals) inside that session. Processes running in Screen will continue to run when their window is not visible even if you get disconnected.

Tmux #

Tmux
is a modern alternative to GNU screen. With Tmux, you can also create a session and open multiple windows inside that session. Tmux sessions are persistent, which means that programs running in Tmux continue to run even if you close the terminal.

Conclusion #

To run a command in the background, include & at the end of the command.

When you run a command in the background, you don’t have to wait until it finishes before you can execute another one.

If you have any questions or feedback, feel free to leave a comment.